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charlieg
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 Posted: Sun Feb 15, 2004 6:49 pm Post subject: Darcs - easy VCS alternative to CVS |
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UPDATE: updated tutorial to use Darcs 0.9.20 commands which differ slightly from previous versions
UPDATE: added a few more descriptions in the "And Much More..." section
UPDATE: added a "Tips and Tricks" section
Introduction to Darcs
This is a brief introduction to Darcs - a distributed SCM [1] system and a healthy alternative to CVS. It will show you an easy, more modern approach to VCS [2]. The project I contribute to (formerly XWT, renamed to Vexi) has greatly benefitted from moving to Darcs from CVS because now we can make rapid progress without the fear of making bad commits to the server or the server being down. People can code and pull other's code at their own convenience.
[1] Source Control, Source Configuration Management, or Software Configuration Management depending on your perspective
[2] Version Control Systems
To achieve it's distributed goals, darcs doesn't remember a repository as a set of files but rather a set of patches. The files are then created by applying the patches in chronological order. This has multiple advantages, not least that of being selective in which patches you'd like to apply and thus being able to keep your repository in a modified state from that which other people might be using.
Some more advantages of darcs:- It's distributed; no server to depend upon and little need to play with user access
- It's simple to use; no server to set up and administer
- It uses simple standards; easy to host your own public archives and easy to tinker with
- Webserver hosting; simple to have your own multiple public repositories (although you don't have to - see the notes on the push command at the end of this tutorial)
People might be slightly put off by the fact darcs is written in Haskell. Don't be - this is the *nix world; right tool for the right job. This is a very good application of Haskell.
Requirements and Prep
Tutorial requirements:- A working Gentoo installation
- Your own web space, ideally with ssh access (must have 'authorized_keys' properly setup for passwordless access) and darcs installed
(but acceptable without - just follow ftp instructions instead)
To install darcs is easy with Gentoo:
Creating Archives/Repositories
Next step is to set up your own working archive for your project, which is also really easy: | Code: | charlie # mkdir darcs/myproject
charlie # cd darcs/myproject
myproject # darcs initialize
Successfully initialized tree! |
That was it. That's how simple it is to create a repository.
Adding files is also really easy: | Code: | myproject # echo "This is a test file" > testfile.txt
myproject # darcs add testfile.txt |
To create patches, we use 'darcs record': | Code: | myproject # darcs record
Darcs needs to know what name (conventionally an email
address) to use as the author). If you provide one now
I will store it in the file '_darcs/prefs/author', and
use it by default in the future. To change your preferred
author address, simply delete this file.
What is your email address? charlie@vexi.org
addfile ./testfile.txt
Shall I record this patch? [ynWsfqdjk?] y
hunk ./testfile.txt 1
+This is a test file
Shall I record this patch? [ynWsfqdjk?] y
What is the patch name? test patch
Do you want to add a long comment? [yn] n
There is no test.
Finished recording patch 'test patch' |
You'll only get asked for your email address the first time.
Now we've created our initial patch and thus the beginnings of our project repository. Next step is to make our project publicly available.
Making It Publicly Available Over SSH
If you have ssh access, this is really easy. First ssh into your web host and create an archive to synchronise with. | Code: | # ssh vexi.org
charlie $ cd ~/public_html/darcs
darcs $ mkdir myproject
darcs $ cd myproject
myproject $ darcs initialize
Successfully initialized tree!
myproject $ logout
Connection to vexi.org closed. |
Now that's done, it's a quick process to synchronise our local and remote archives: | Code: | myproject # darcs push charlie@vexi.org:/home/charlie/public_html/darcs/myproject
[test patch
charlie@vexi.org**20040215174423]
Shall I push this patch? [ynWvqdjk?] y
So far so good... the merge succeeded.
Finished applying... |
And that's it, your project archive/repository is now publicly available.
Making It Publicly Available Using FTP
First create another local archive to publish too (what we want the public archive to be): | Code: | charlie # cd ~/darcs
darcs # mkdir myproject_public
darcs # cd myproject_public
myproject_public # darcs initialize
Successfully initialized tree! |
Then create a destination directory on your webhost using your favourite ftp application.
Next step is to apply your initial patch to your to-be-public archive: | Code: | myproject_public # cd ~/darcs/myproject
myproject # darcs push ~/darcs/myproject_public
[test patch
charlie@vexi.org**20040215174423]
Shall I push this patch? [ynWvqdjk?] y
So far so good... the merge succeeded.
Finished applying... |
Now use your favourite ftp application to copy everything over in your darcs/myproject_public folder over to your web host. Et voila, you're sharing your project archive/repository.
Updating Your Public Archive
Now everything is in place, this is where it gets really easy.
First, let's make a change. Edit testfile.txt to say something like: | Code: | | This is now a modified test file! |
To update it, it's a simple process. First we record the patch: | Code: | myproject # darcs record
hunk ./testfile.txt 1
-This is a test file
+This is a modified test file!
Shall I record this patch? [ynWsfqdjk?] y
What is the patch name? update
Do you want to add a long comment? [yn] n
There is no test.
Finished recording patch 'update' |
Darcs remembers the location of the last push and will use it as default. So, now all we need to do is: | Code: | myproject # darcs push
Pushing to charlie@vexi.org:/home/charlie/public_html/darcs/myproject
[update
charlie@vexi.org**20040215183048]
Shall I push this patch? [ynWvqdjk?] y
So far so good... the merge succeeded.
Finished applying... |
Note for ftp users:- The pushing to desination will read "/home/charlie/darcs/myproject_public..."
- You have to remember to upload the updated archive from myproject_public to your destination folder on your web host
And Much More...
This introduction only touches the tip of the ability of darcs.
Other things of note:
darcs push
You push patches to a repository.
If you try to push to a repo where you do not have direct access (eg a website - darcs push http://darcs.vexi.org/core) then darcs will handily default to emailing the patch to a chosen destination instead. People can then use that email to apply the patch, which is useful if you do not wish to host a public repo.
darcs get
If you want to get somebody elses project archive, use darcs get: | Code: | | # darcs get http://darcs.vexi.org/core |
If the project archive you are dealing with has a lot of patches, usually the maintainer will have set checkpoints (ie at each new version) and you can get the latest checkpoint using darcs get --partial: | Code: | | # darcs get --partial http://darcs.vexi.org/core |
Also, if you want to get to be more verbose (useful when getting large archives) use the --verbose flag: | Code: | | # darcs get --verbose http://darcs.vexi.org/core |
darcs pull
Of course, you only want to get a repo once. To get patches from other peoples repositories, use darcs pull: | Code: | | # darcs pull http://darcs.vexi.org/core |
darcs add
Use add to add files. It can be made recursive: | Code: | | darcs add -r dirname |
It works with standard CLI syntax, eg to add all the contents of a particular directory: | Code: | | darcs add dirname/* |
darcs mv
You can seamlessly move files around using darcs mv - note that you can't just use the standard CLI 'mv' on it's own as darcs has know way of knowing which files have been moved where without being explicitly told. Instead, if you just used 'mv' then darcs would treat it as a rm/add which would 1) lose your patch history on the file and 2) mean that patches created in another version of the codebase before the rm/add would no longer be appliable to your repo as the file they expect no longer exists.
So darcs mv is important to allow the moving of files whilst maintaining patch consistency.
darcs remove
To get rid of files just use darcs remove to drop files. Even easier than that, you can just delete them (ie 'rm file') and Darcs will pick up on that for you.
what about modules and branches?
CVS introduced the concept of modules and branches into the SCM world. Since darcs doesn't require a server, there is no real need for modules or branches. You can just create new directories as needed (using darcs inittree) and use them as project holders. You could just have the directories myproject_stable and myproject_head as darcs repositories and selectively apply patches to them.
learning more about darcs
Darcs is one of those strange open source projects that has really good documentation. What are you waiting for? Check it out!
Tips and Tricks
--help
The --help flag is always useful when memory isn't serving well. Try darcs --help to get an overview of commands or darcs <command> --help to get help on a specific command.
-a
You can use the -a flag to imply all. This can be handy when you have a lot of patches you want to unselectively push to or pull from a repo: | Code: | # darcs push -a charlie@vexi.org:/home/charlie/public_darcs/core
# darcs pull -a http://darcs.vexi.org/core |
whatsnew
Not sure about what you've been up to with your code? Want to go over it before diving into darcs record? Then darcs whatsnew will do it for you.
--look-for-adds
Ever the demon of any development repo is missing files - files you have created on your machine but forgotten to add to the repo. Use darcs whatsnew --look-for-adds to track them down for you.
changes
Want to know what you've changed? Use 'darcs changes' to get an overview of patches.
Getting specific information
In a large repo with 100s or 1000s of patches, the info from something like darcs changes can be too much. But almost all darcs commands can be target specifically at any part of your repo.
For instance, if you want to know what patches have affected a particular file: | Code: | | # darcs changes path/to/file |
Example: | Code: | charlie@mightymax widgets $ darcs changes src/main.t
Changes to src/main.t:
Sat May 1 02:24:42 GMT 2004 charlie@vexi.org
* add Vexi demo
Tue Apr 20 23:08:36 GMT 2004 tupshin@tupshin.com
* changed ibex namespace to vexi and reoganized widgets to match
Tue Apr 20 20:55:20 GMT 2004 tupshin@tupshin.com
* changing root tag to be vexi and not ibex
Tue Apr 6 01:02:08 GMT 2004 david@zentus.com
* reorganise namespace
Tue Mar 2 16:01:43 GMT 2004 charlie@xwt.org
* development snapshot of ibex widgets |
Another handy example is if you have been working in a particular directory and want to check out what is new or record changes in the specific directory: | Code: | # darcs whatsnew path/to/dir
# darcs record path/to/dir |
Example: | Code: | charlie@mightymax widget $ pwd
/home/charlie/darcs/org/vexi/widgets/src/vexi/widget
charlie@mightymax widget $ darcs whatsnew .
What's new in "src/vexi/widget":
{
hunk ./src/vexi/widget/list.t 32
- redirectTo($widget, "enabled", "fill", "numselected", "text", "value", "values", "setValue", "setValues");
+ redirectTo($widget, "enabled", "fill", "numselected", "text", "selected", "value", "values", "setValue", "setValues");
}
charlie@mightymax widget $ darcs record .
Recording changes in "src/vexi/widget":
hunk ./src/vexi/widget/list.t 32
- redirectTo($widget, "enabled", "fill", "numselected", "text", "value", "values", "setValue", "setValues");
+ redirectTo($widget, "enabled", "fill", "numselected", "text", "selected", "value", "values", "setValue", "setValues");
Shall I record this patch? [ynWsfqdjk?] y
What is the patch name? Can cancel this with Ctrl-C...Interrupted! |
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Last edited by charlieg on Tue Jun 08, 2004 7:35 pm; edited 8 times in total |
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charlieg
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| Posted: Sun Feb 15, 2004 7:39 pm Post subject: |
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Some examples might be nice, eh?
A few of my darcs code repositories can be found here:
www.charlietech.com/darcs
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S_aIN_t
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| Posted: Sun Feb 15, 2004 8:06 pm Post subject: |
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looks very nice.. might give it a try.. thanks for top-notch work. :)
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charlieg
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| Posted: Sun Feb 15, 2004 10:49 pm Post subject: |
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| S_aIN_t wrote: | looks very nice.. might give it a try.. thanks for top-notch work.  |
It is very nice, do give it a try, and you're welcome.
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axxackall
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| Posted: Sun Feb 15, 2004 11:32 pm Post subject: |
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Any chance to compile it on Hugs98? GHC is not ported to Linux/PPC. Depending Darcs on GHC doesn't make it a cross platform. 
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charlieg
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| Posted: Mon Feb 16, 2004 12:32 am Post subject: |
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| axxackall wrote: | | Any chance to compile it on Hugs98? GHC is not ported to Linux/PPC. Depending Darcs on GHC doesn't make it a cross platform. |
That's a question to ask to the darcs user mailing list. I couldn't even begin to answer it.
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ebrostig
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| Posted: Mon Feb 16, 2004 1:46 pm Post subject: |
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Does it work behind HTTP based proxies?
CVS does not and that stops me from using any ebuild that requires DVS access. BitKeeper works fine through our firewall. How does this puppy stack up?
Erik
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charlieg
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| Posted: Mon Feb 16, 2004 2:24 pm Post subject: |
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| ebrostig wrote: | Does it work behind HTTP based proxies?
CVS does not and that stops me from using any ebuild that requires DVS access. BitKeeper works fine through our firewall. How does this puppy stack up? |
I cannot see why it wouldn't work behind an http proxy. It does all serving over http.
As for updating, it works behind anything you can ssh to or ftp to, depending on how you're updating.
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charlieg
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| Posted: Tue Feb 17, 2004 3:25 pm Post subject: |
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Btw, please post if this has lead you to trying and liking Darcs as an alternative to CVS (or any other VCS).
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gour
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| Posted: Wed Mar 03, 2004 1:36 pm Post subject: |
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Hi!
| charlieg wrote: | | Btw, please post if this has lead you to trying and liking Darcs as an alternative to CVS (or any other VCS). |
I already know for darcs for quite some time (compiling it even on win98 under win4lin under msys environment), but still I'd liek to thank you to put your howto together.
darcs is really a greatr piece of software, VERY easy to setup & use and the author is ready to hear feedback.
I'm just sorry for not having darcs installed on my web-hosted server so I'd be able to push my patches on the web server. (at least, there is rsync -update solution
Sincerely,
Gour |
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charlieg
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| Posted: Wed Mar 03, 2004 1:52 pm Post subject: |
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| gour wrote: | | I'm just sorry for not having darcs installed on my web-hosted server so I'd be able to push my patches on the web server. (at least, there is rsync -update solution |
There are a couple of ways to get around this.
[EDIT - I'm wrong with the first point here (darcs must be on the webserver) and Gour already uses the second method]
 Create an empty directory locally, 'darcs inittree', then upload that to your webhost. You should then be able to 'push --and-apply' to that directory on your web host (darcs is not required to be on the webserver in order to do this, but you must have ssh access).
Create a 'sync dir' locally that you 'push --and-apply' to, and the rsync / ftp that directory to your web host. I described this in more detail in the original post.
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Last edited by charlieg on Mon Mar 29, 2004 1:28 pm; edited 2 times in total |
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gour
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| Posted: Wed Mar 03, 2004 4:00 pm Post subject: |
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| Quote: |
Create an empty directory locally, 'darcs inittree', the upload that to your webhost. You should then be able to 'push --and-apply' to that directory on your web host (darcs is not required to be on the webserver in order to do this, but you must have ssh access).
Create a 'sync dir' locally that you 'push --and-apply' to, and the rsync / ftp that directory to your web host. I described this in more detail in the original post. |
Hmmm... I saved your original post but thought it's only scenario when having darcs installed on the server
I even mentioned that on darcs' mailing list, and David confirmed that's is not easy to get web-hosted server with ghc on it 
This is a real enlightenment 
Thanks a lot. I'm going to try it (fortunately I have ssh
Sincerely,
Gour |
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gour
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| Posted: Wed Mar 03, 2004 4:57 pm Post subject: |
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| Quote: | | Create a 'sync dir' locally that you 'push --and-apply' to, and the rsync / ftp that directory to your web host. I described this in more detail in the original post. |
This approach is working here (with rsync), but I'd like to explore this one:
| Quote: |
Create an empty directory locally, 'darcs inittree', then upload that to your webhost. You should then be able to 'push --and-apply' to that directory on your web host (darcs is not required to be on the webserver in order to do this, but you must have ssh access). |
I created empty directory locally and uploaded it on my webhost.
Then locally I added a test file and recorded test patch.
But trying to push this onto my web host server gives me:
| Code: | bash-2.05b$ darcs push --and-apply atmarama@atmarama.org:/home/atmarama/www/darcs/test
Wed Mar 3 17:40:48 CET 2004 atmarama@atmarama.org
* test patch
Shall I push this patch? [ynWvqdjk?] y
jailshell: line 1: darcs: command not found |
Am I missing something 
Sincerely,
Gour |
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charlieg
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| Posted: Mon Mar 29, 2004 1:25 pm Post subject: |
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| gour wrote: | I created empty directory locally and uploaded it on my webhost.
Then locally I added a test file and recorded test patch.
But trying to push this onto my web host server gives me:
| Code: | bash-2.05b$ darcs push --and-apply atmarama@atmarama.org:/home/atmarama/www/darcs/test
Wed Mar 3 17:40:48 CET 2004 atmarama@atmarama.org
* test patch
Shall I push this patch? [ynWvqdjk?] y
jailshell: line 1: darcs: command not found |
Am I missing something |
No, I was... updating the howto accordingly.
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charlieg
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| Posted: Mon Mar 29, 2004 2:00 pm Post subject: |
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People who use darcs with large repos will not that it be a slow process to get a large set of patches and to apply them, and that patch emails have a long history list.
This is solved using a combination of optimize and checkpoint. You should consult the official darcs documentation on how to use these.
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Jeedo
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| Posted: Mon Mar 29, 2004 10:03 pm Post subject: |
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| I've never heard of this VCS before, how does it compare to stuff like subversion ( which i use ) or Arch ( since it's distributed also ) |
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charlieg
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| Posted: Mon Mar 29, 2004 10:28 pm Post subject: |
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| Jeedo wrote: | | I've never heard of this VCS before, how does it compare to stuff like subversion ( which i use ) or Arch ( since it's distributed also ) |
It'd take a long time to do a thorough comparison. In the darcs documentation there is a decent and relatively impartial overview of the differences between arch and darcs.
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charlieg
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| Posted: Mon May 03, 2004 6:50 pm Post subject: |
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If you're not using darcs 0.9.19, you should be.
EDIT: make that 0.9.20+!
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dhurt
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| Posted: Tue Jun 08, 2004 6:58 am Post subject: |
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Thanks for the howto . I had couple comments and questions. I am not sure, but the following commands did not work for me:
| Code: |
myproject # darcs inittree
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Should be:
| Code: |
myproject # darcs initialize
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And I could not get this flag working:
| Code: |
darcs push --and-apply charlie@xwt.org:/home/charlie/public_html/darcs/myproject
darcs failed: unrecognized option `--and-apply'
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Not sure but I did not see the --and-apply switch in the manual. One final question, I could not figure out how to get daracs working with a different port than the default SSH port. Where would I specify the enviornmental varialbes that they talk about in the manual like SSH_PORT, DARCS_SSH and DARCS_SCP? Do you specifcy them in your _darcs/prefs/defaults file or do you specify them on the command line?
For instance I tried this command:
| Code: |
DARCS_SCP="scp -P 2024 " DARCS_SSH="ssh -p 2024 " SSH_PORT="2024 " darcs push -a hurt@xenophobia:/var/www/localhost/htdocs/project
darcs failed: (scp) failed to fetch: hurt@xenophobia:/var/www/localhost/htdocs/project/_darcs/inventory
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and I could not connect. I switched to the standard SSH port and it worked great. So I must not be setting the port right. I googled around and looked through the manual and could not find any information really. If noone happenes to know the answer off hand, I will try and join their mailign list and I am sure they know the answer.
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charlieg
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| Posted: Tue Jun 08, 2004 9:13 am Post subject: |
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Well noticed dhurt and glad to see people trying this how-to.
| Code: | darcs inittree
darcs push --and-apply |
These have been deprecated in 0.9.20 in favour of just:
| Code: | darcs initialize
darcs push |
I'm updating the original post to reflect this!
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charlieg
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| Posted: Tue Jun 08, 2004 9:28 am Post subject: |
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| dhurt wrote: | Where would I specify the enviornmental varialbes that they talk about in the manual like SSH_PORT, DARCS_SSH and DARCS_SCP? Do you specifcy them in your _darcs/prefs/defaults file or do you specify them on the command line?
For instance I tried this command:
| Code: |
DARCS_SCP="scp -P 2024 " DARCS_SSH="ssh -p 2024 " SSH_PORT="2024 " darcs push -a hurt@xenophobia:/var/www/localhost/htdocs/project
darcs failed: (scp) failed to fetch: hurt@xenophobia:/var/www/localhost/htdocs/project/_darcs/inventory
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and I could not connect. I switched to the standard SSH port and it worked great. So I must not be setting the port right. I googled around and looked through the manual and could not find any information really. If noone happenes to know the answer off hand, I will try and join their mailign list and I am sure they know the answer. |
That looks more like a problem with the particular repo than SSH problems.
Does _darcs/inventory exist in the repo? Did you remember to darcs initialize server-side?
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nevynxxx
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| Posted: Tue Jun 08, 2004 10:32 am Post subject: |
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| Code: |
anferny root # emerge -av darcs
These are the packages that I would merge, in order:
Calculating dependencies
!!! all ebuilds that could satisfy "darcs" have been masked.
!!! possible candidates are:
- dev-util/darcs-0.9.19 (masked by: ~keyword)
- dev-util/darcs-0.9.20 (masked by: ~keyword)
- dev-util/darcs-0.9.17 (masked by: ~keyword)
!!! Error calculating dependencies. Please correct.
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Grrr, guess I'm getting another unstable app on my server...ohh well.
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charlieg
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| Posted: Tue Jun 08, 2004 10:40 am Post subject: |
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| nevynxxx wrote: | | Grrr, guess I'm getting another unstable app on my server...ohh well. |
Darcs is not 'unstable' by any stretch of the imagination. Just it's not (yet) widely adopted so not many people will have tested it.
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nevynxxx
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| Posted: Tue Jun 08, 2004 10:53 am Post subject: |
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| charlieg wrote: | | nevynxxx wrote: | | Grrr, guess I'm getting another unstable app on my server...ohh well. |
Darcs is not 'unstable' by any stretch of the imagination. Just it's not (yet) widely adopted so not many people will have tested it. |
Ohh don't get me wrong, I know the diffrence between stable, and arched: Version numbers. Its just easier to keep track of versions when a computer is ~x86 or not, not a bit of both. So i like to keep my number of ~x86 packages down on the server.
I was more wondering why it's marked ~x86 in portage.
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charlieg
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| Posted: Tue Jun 08, 2004 11:12 am Post subject: |
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| nevynxxx wrote: | | I was more wondering why it's marked ~x86 in portage. |
And you made me wonder too. Just logged this:
https://bugs.gentoo.org/show_bug.cgi?id=53293
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