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d2_racing
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PostPosted: Mon Jan 22, 2007 1:53 pm    Post subject: [Howto] Creation of a Stage 5 archive Reply with quote

Last Update : 2009-02-04

Howto Creation of a Stage 5

Table of Contents
  1. Context
  2. Differences between the Stage 4 and the Stage 5
  3. Creation of a Stage 5
    1. Creation of a Stage 5 Standard
    2. Creation of a Stage 5 Custom
      • Advantages & Inconveniences
      • Possible Options


  4. Copy your Stage 5 archive
  5. Restoration of a Stage 5

    1. Restoration of a Stage 5 Standard
    2. Restoration of a Stage 5 Custom





1) Context

Hello everyone, because of a awesome crash after a restoration of a Stage 4 archive, I decided to write this howto for those who don't wont problems.

The Stage 4 works perfectly in general, but if you are lucky like me, it will crash your Gentoo :evil:
So, if you have a Gensplash, a /mnt directory, you will have a problem with the Stage 4, because he doesn't backup these directory by default.

Here's my configuration :

Code:

#
# Sample boot menu configuration file
#

# Boot automatically after 30 secs.
timeout 5
# By default, boot the first entry.
default 1
splashimage=(hd0,8)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz

title=GentooLinux-2.6.18-r3
root=(hd0,8)
kernel /boot/kernel-2.6.18-gentoo-r3 root=/dev/sda9 video=vesafb:mtrr,ywrap,1024x768-32@85 splash=silent,fadein,theme:livecd-2006.1 quiet CONSOLE=/dev/tty1
initrd (hd0,8)/boot/fbsplash-livecd-2006.1
#kernel /boot/kernel-2.6.18-gentoo-r3 root=/dev/sda9 video=radeonfb:mtrr,ywrap,1024x768-32@75


title=WindowsXP
rootnoverify (hd0,0)
makeactive
chainloader +1

title=GentooLinux-2.6.18-r2
root=(hd0,8)
kernel /boot/kernel-2.6.18-gentoo-r2 root=/dev/sda9 video=radeonfb:mtrr,ywrap,1024x768-32@75


Code:

# This file is edited by fstab-sync - see 'man fstab-sync' for details
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
# $Header: /home/cvsroot/gentoo-src/rc-scripts/etc/fstab,v 1.14 2003/10/13 20:03:38 azarah Exp $
#
# noatime turns off atimes for increased performance (atimes normally aren't
# needed; notail increases performance of ReiserFS (at the expense of storage
# efficiency).  It's safe to drop the noatime options if you want and to
# switch between notail and tail freely.

# <fs>             <mountpoint>    <type>     <opts>            <dump/pass>
/dev/sda9      /      ext3      defaults,noatime   0 1
/dev/sda10      none      swap      sw         0 0
none         /proc      proc      defaults      0 0   
none         /dev/shm   tmpfs      nodev,nosuid,noexec   0 0
/dev/cdroms/cdrom0   /mnt/cdrom0   auto      noauto,user      0 0
/dev/cdroms/cdrom1   /mnt/cdrom1   auto      noauto,user      0 0
/dev/sda8      /mnt/pont   vfat      defaults,rw,user,umask=0 0 0
/dev/sda1      /mnt/win_c   ntfs      defaults,ro,user,nls=iso8859-1,nls=utf8,umask=0 0 0
/dev/sda5      /mnt/win_d   ntfs      defaults,ro,user,nls=iso8859-1,nls=utf8,umask=0 0 0   
/dev/sda6      /mnt/win_e   ntfs      defaults,ro,user,nls=iso8859-1,nls=utf8,umask=0 0 0
/dev/sda7      /mnt/win_f   ntfs      defaults,ro,user,nls=iso8859-1,nls=utf8,umask=0 0 0
# NOTE: If your BOOT partition is ReiserFS, add the notail option to opts.
#/dev/BOOT      /boot      ext2      noauto,noatime      1 1
#/dev/ROOT      /      xfs      noatime         0 0
#/dev/SWAP      none      swap      sw         0 0
#/dev/cdroms/cdrom0   /mnt/cdrom   iso9660      noauto,ro      0 0
#/dev/fd0      /mnt/floppy   auto      noauto         0 0
#
# NOTE: The next line is critical for boot!
#none         /proc      proc      defaults      0 0
#
# glibc 2.2 and above expects tmpfs to be mounted at /dev/shm for
# POSIX shared memory (shm_open, shm_unlink).
# (tmpfs is a dynamically expandable/shrinkable ramdisk, and will
#  use almost no memory if not populated with files)
# Adding the following line to /etc/fstab should take care of this:
#
#none         /dev/shm   tmpfs      defaults      0 0
#
#/dev/hdd                /media/cdrom            auto    user,exec,noauto,managed 0 0
#/dev/hdc                /media/cdrecorder       auto    user,exec,noauto,managed 0 0
#/dev/floppy/0           /media/floppy           auto    user,exec,noauto,managed 0 0
#/dev/sdb1               /media/sdb1             auto    user,exec,noauto,managed 0 0


So, because of a catastrophic restoration, I decided to create a Stage 5 with the command tar and this will give a valid Stage 5 and a user will be able to restore in no time
and it will boot perfectly without any errors.

For the record, I will list the problems that I had after a restore of Stage 4 backup:
-A lot of messages about udev.rule, UDEV-event #.
-The script didn't backup /mnt, so in my case, I had a warning about the FSTAB.
-For a unknown reason, my Gensplash didn't start, because of a missing /dev/TTY1...so my Gensplash was disable.

2) Differences between the Stage 4 and the Stage 5

First of all, you can find the excellent Stage 4 script here : http://blinkeye.ch/mediawiki/index.php/GNU/Linux_System_Backup_Script_%28stage4%29

The Stage 4, is a script that backup only the necessary directories to have a minimal functionable Gentoo.So, the Stage 4 doesn't take a ghost of a partition.Also, the Stage 4 never backup the directory /dev and if you have a Gensplash, you won't have /dev/console and /dev/tty1, and it will crash your Gensplash.

The Stage 5, is only uses the tar command, so you can do what you want.In fact, you can take a ghost of a partition or only take a backup of certain directory.

Like the Stage 4, the Stage 5 have a integrity check and the end of the process.

Finally, I wrote the Stage 5 for that purpose and I choosed the next number for the Stage.

3) Creation of Stage 5

Creation of a Stage 5 Standard
Code:

# su -
# rm /usr/portage/distfiles/*
# mkdir /mnt/backup
# mount -o bind / /mnt/backup
# cd /mnt/backup
# tar --exclude  stage5.tar.bz2 -cvvjpf stage5.tar.bz2 .
# time bzip2 -tv stage5.tar.bz2
# umount /mnt/backup


By the way, I saw a little bug inside my current box.

If you have a /boot, before starting your tar command, double check inside /mnt/back/boot if you have something.

If not, run this command :

Code:
# mount -o bind  /boot /mnt/backup/boot


The bind command is only working for a specific partition at once.

So, I had a / for sda8 and a /boot for sda7 for example.

The "." after the .bz2 is very important :)
The bzip2 command will check the integrity of the archive.
The creation of the .tar.bz2 takes some time, so be patient.

The Stage 5 act like Ghost or Acronis True Image.In fact, you can backup a complete partition.With this stage, you can backup a complete HDD and transfer it to a new one without any problems.The technique can be use by administrator, because in case of a crash, they can restore only the partition that failed.

Creation of a Stage 5 Custom

The Stage 5 custom, is a Stage 5 with parameters.

Advantages & Inconveniences

  1. This can backup a Gentoo installation or a complete partition and it can be use to backup only certain directories.
  2. It will be much faster, because it doesn't backup all the directories.
  3. You have to be very careful when you exclude directories, because it can crash your restoration, because you may have remove some files or directories that were essential for your Gentoo.


Possible options

Here a example of a command that exclude /tmp,/var/tmp & /usr/portage/distfiles
Note that you don't have to put / before the directory, because you have binded the /

Code:

# tar --exclude tmp --exclude var/tmp --exclude usr/portage/distfiles --exclude stage5.tar.bz2 -cvvjpf stage5.tar.bz2 .



Also, certain users wont to have a Stage 5 that contain only the minimum directory, so for that here an example :
Code:

# rm -rf /usr/portage/distfiles/* && rm -rf /var/tmp/portage/* && rm -rf /var/log/portage/*
# tar cvvjpf --exclude=dev --exclude=proc --exclude=sys --exclude=tmp --exclude=stage5.tar.bz2  stage5.tar.bz2 .


But, with this command, you will have to do some extra command in the restoration, because you will have to recreate certain directories.

Code:

# mkdir {dev,proc,tmp,sys} && chmod 1777 tmp && cd dev && MAKEDEV generic


Also, many users wont to backup only their /home directory.So here's the command :
Code:

# mount -o bind /home/$user /mnt/backup
# cd /mnt/backup
# tar --exclude stage5.tar.bz2 -cvvjpf stage5.tar.bz2 .


You can also backup everything except the /home directory :

Code:

# mount -o bind / /mnt/backup
# cd /mnt/backup
# tar --exclude stage5.tar.bz2 --exclude home/$user -cvvjpf stage5.tar.bz2 .
# time bzip2 -tv stage5.tar.bz2

# umount /mnt/backup
# mount -o bind /home/$user /mnt/backup
# cd /mnt/backup
# tar --exclude stagehome.tar.bz2 -cvvjpf stagehome.tar.bz2 .
# time bzip2 -tv stagehome.tar.bz2
# umount /mnt/backup
# mkdir /mnt/backup/full
# cd /
# cp stage5.tar.bz2 /mnt/backup/full/
# cp /home/$user/stagehome.tar.bz2 /mnt/backup/full
# tar -cvf stagefull.tar stage5.tar.bz2 stagehome.tar.bz2


4)Copy your Stage 5 archive

Now, you can burn the .tar.bz2 with K3B or you can leave this image on a separate partition.

5)Restoration of a Stage 5


Restoration of a Stage 5 Standard

The first thing to do is to boot with the Gentoo LiveCD and use the docache option.This will be useful, because we need
to umount the LiveCD

Boot with the Gentoo LiveCD.
Code:

#gentoo docache

Now you have to format the destination partition
Code:

# mke2fs -j /dev/sda9 dans mon cas.

#umount /mnt/cdrom


Remove the Gentoo LiveCD and put on your Stage 5 DVD backup.

Code:

#mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom

#mount -t ext3 /dev/sda9 /mnt/gentoo dans mon cas

# cd /mnt/cdrom
# ls -la

# tar xjvpf /mnt/cdrom/stage5.tar.bz2 -C /mnt/gentoo/
# mount -t proc none /mnt/gentoo/proc
# mount -o bind /dev /mnt/gentoo/dev

# chroot /mnt/gentoo /bin/bash
# env-update
# source /etc/profile
# emerge --sync
# exit
# cd /
# umount /mnt/cdrom
# umount /mnt/gentoo/dev
# umount /mnt/gentoo/proc
# umount /mnt/gentoo
# reboot

Now you will have a Gentoo back on track

Restoration of a Stage 5 Custom

The procedure of restoration of a Stage 5 Custom is almost the same as the Stage 5 Standard except some details.

But, you will have to insert your own command to be sure that everything is ok, because at the tar command you will have to adapt your command.

Exemple :
Code:

#gentoo docache
# mke2fs -j /dev/sda9 dans mon cas.
#umount /mnt/cdrom
#mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
#mount -t ext3 /dev/sda9 /mnt/gentoo dans mon cas
# cd /mnt/cdrom
# ls -la
# tar xjvpf /mnt/cdrom/stage5.tar.bz2 -C /mnt/gentoo/
# mkdir {dev,proc,tmp,sys}
# chmod 1777 tmp
# cd dev
# MAKEDEV generic
# mount -t proc none /mnt/gentoo/proc
# mount -o bind /dev /mnt/gentoo/dev
# chroot /mnt/gentoo /bin/bash
# env-update
# source /etc/profile
# emerge --sync
# exit
# cd /
# umount /mnt/cdrom
# umount /mnt/gentoo/dev
# umount /mnt/gentoo/proc
# umount /mnt/gentoo
# reboot


Last edited by d2_racing on Wed Feb 04, 2009 12:26 pm; edited 4 times in total
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d2_racing
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PostPosted: Fri Jan 26, 2007 5:19 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

Any comments ???
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Conan
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PostPosted: Fri Jan 26, 2007 11:07 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

Stage4 works just fine... the only difference is you are bindmounting to get the static devnodes, whereas they are excluded in a stage4 because most of /dev is dynamic (and therefore a waste of time to add.) You could achieve the same results by copyng /dev/null and /dev/console from the livecd, or mknoding them. The lack of these two devices is what caused you problems
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d2_racing
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PostPosted: Sat Jan 27, 2007 7:09 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

So, why the Stage 4 doesn't copy these 2 files ???
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Conan
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PostPosted: Sun Jan 28, 2007 4:35 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

because the wiki hasn't been updated... you could do -X stage4.excl --include /dev/null --include /dev/console I think, and that'd work just fine.
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PostPosted: Thu Feb 01, 2007 11:57 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

Conan wrote:
Stage4 works just fine... the only difference is you are bindmounting to get the static devnodes, whereas they are excluded in a stage4 because most of /dev is dynamic (and therefore a waste of time to add.) You could achieve the same results by copyng /dev/null and /dev/console from the livecd, or mknoding them. The lack of these two devices is what caused you problems


you don't even have to copy /dev/null or /dev/console from livecd, what you do is mount your partition as normal but skip the 'mount -o bind /dev /mnt/gentoo/dev' part, then you just
cd into /dev and type 'MAKEDEV generic' and it will generate the require nodes for you :)
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hirakendu
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PostPosted: Sat Feb 03, 2007 4:04 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

frankly, i dont understand why so much effort. i do understand that the intricacy is only because it is being done from inside the working gentoo? what i do is boot using a live cd and simply do tarring along with gzip/bzip2/lzma on the root partition. and a simple extraction on a freshly formatted drive is enough for restoring.

so, for creating image :
$ cd /gentoo/ ( /gentoo/ being the mounted root partition containing bin, boot, usr, etc after booting with a livecd.)
$ tar -cvps --atime-preserve * | lzma e -si -so > /data/gentoo-img.tar.lzma (for a lzma archive)
(or)
$ tar -cvzps --atime-preserve -f /data/gentoo-img.tar.gz * (for gzip archive)

and for restoring from image :
$ mkreiserfs /dev/sdaX
$ mount /dev/sdaX /gentoo
$ cat /data/gentoo-img.tar.lzma | lzma d -si -so | tar -xps --atime-preserve -C /gentoo/ ( from lzma archive)
(or)
$ tar -xvzps --atime-preserve -f /data/gentoo-img.tar.gz -C /gentoo/ (from gzip archive)

and after that, the usual (re)installation of grub and editing some configs (fstab, grub.conf, net , hostname, xorg.conf) to one's liking, just as is done in case of stage3.

btw, i created an archive of a system buit with cflags "o2, prescott" for cpu's with sse3 +. and the image works fine on all machines, inlcuding athlon 64x2's. (yeah all those performance loss fundaes dont work - its 'the' same - atleast with tests like openssl and superpi. ~infinite uptimes, no crashes, stable , fast and responsive.)

my system is about 5.0gb and it takes 15 minutes with gzip and 1hour,30mins with lzma to compress. while decompressing, gzip takes 15 minutes while lzma takes 7 minutes (flat!). btw, gzip compresses it to about 1.6 gb while lzma does it to about 1.1 gb. (this is on a athlon 64x2 3800+ with sata drive @ 67 MB/s (hdparm -tT) and a 16x dvd drive.)

hirakendu.
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Last edited by hirakendu on Sat Feb 03, 2007 9:29 pm; edited 1 time in total
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PostPosted: Sat Feb 03, 2007 12:34 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

there is no need to perform the tar up from a livecd.
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PostPosted: Sat Feb 03, 2007 9:35 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

yes, i understand that its not necessary, but if its as simple as that from a livecd (and we dont mind rebooting the machine for a 'small' downtime of about 15 minutes for gzip or 2 hrs for lzma) rather than a painstaking script from the running system, i go for the livecd one. anyway, just a poor man's solution, never mind.
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PostPosted: Sun Feb 25, 2007 9:04 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

So does that work is simply cd / and run those cmds likewhoa? What about all the /dev stuff?

I just want a simple way to backup my existing gentoo before I transfer it to a new HDD. I'm guessing the Stage4 is the way to do it?
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PostPosted: Sun Feb 25, 2007 9:06 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

Yes, use theses commands and you will have a Stage 5 archive and you will be able to transfert to your new harddrive with less problems then a Stage 4.
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PostPosted: Mon Feb 26, 2007 4:25 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

Your "less problems" is just talking out of your hind end.
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PostPosted: Mon Feb 26, 2007 5:18 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

Let's not get rude here, yeah? Simply saying `that's not true' and (hopefully) giving reasons is better imo.

I still don't see how: tar -cvzps --atime-preserve -f /data/gentoo-img.tar.gz *
..avoids /dev and /proc for example.

Thanks.
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PostPosted: Tue Feb 27, 2007 8:43 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

Conan wrote:
Your "less problems" is just talking out of your hind end.
Conan, second warning from me now. Please improve your language or it will end in a ban sooner or later.
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PostPosted: Tue Feb 27, 2007 4:13 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

Earthwings wrote:
Please improve your language or it will end in a ban sooner or later.
Now why can't you guys moderate the dev list and bugzilla? That would make things a lot nicer :P
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PostPosted: Thu Mar 01, 2007 5:23 am    Post subject: Thanks Reply with quote

Thanks for posting the link for the stage 4 backup and your detailed explanation of your exotic back up strategy. I want to thank you to all of the gentoo community. Even though we have out bouts here and there, we are all here to learn and share information is this slighly less microsoft owned world.
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PostPosted: Thu Mar 01, 2007 12:50 pm    Post subject: Re: Thanks Reply with quote

onelife151 wrote:
Thanks for posting the link for the stage 4 backup and your detailed explanation of your exotic back up strategy. I want to thank you to all of the gentoo community. Even though we have out bouts here and there, we are all here to learn and share information is this slighly less microsoft owned world.


No problem :)
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PostPosted: Sat Mar 03, 2007 1:00 pm    Post subject: Re: [Howto] Creation of a Stage 5 archive Reply with quote

d2_racing wrote:
Now you will have a Gentoo back on track.

Hi.

I don't understand :?
if someone needs to make/restore a *nix snapshot why do not use simple low level coping:
Code:
# cp /dev/hda1 ...
; or even
# cp /dev/hda ...
; later mount LiveCD and do back
# cp ... /dev/hda1
; or
# cp ... /dev/hda


you can pipe it any way you want - tar, scp, bzip...

Also, playing with tools like resize_reiserfs you can shrink or expand your partition.
You can also change the physical order of restored partitions - all you need is to fix /etc/fstab after restore. (and may be somewhere else if you use raw hard disk access somewhere - it's unusual case)
If you want to change something in the saved binary image, you can mount it as a loop device: mount -o loop file... mountpoint.... , while it is a single partition and not compressed or splitted.
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PostPosted: Sat Mar 03, 2007 7:28 pm    Post subject: Re: [Howto] Creation of a Stage 5 archive Reply with quote

alexdu wrote:
d2_racing wrote:
Now you will have a Gentoo back on track.

Hi.

I don't understand :?
if someone needs to make/restore a *nix snapshot why do not use simple low level coping:
Code:
# cp /dev/hda1 ...
; or even
# cp /dev/hda ...
; later mount LiveCD and do back
# cp ... /dev/hda1
; or
# cp ... /dev/hda


you can pipe it any way you want - tar, scp, bzip...

Also, playing with tools like resize_reiserfs you can shrink or expand your partition.
You can also change the physical order of restored partitions - all you need is to fix /etc/fstab after restore. (and may be somewhere else if you use raw hard disk access somewhere - it's unusual case)
If you want to change something in the saved binary image, you can mount it as a loop device: mount -o loop file... mountpoint.... , while it is a single partition and not compressed or splitted.


Yes, it's only an another methode :)

It's what I love the most about Linux and Unix, you can choose your own path and you will arrive at destination every time :)
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PostPosted: Sun Mar 04, 2007 3:41 pm    Post subject: Re: [Howto] Creation of a Stage 5 archive Reply with quote

alexdu wrote:
f someone needs to make/restore a *nix snapshot why do not use simple low level coping:
Code:
# cp /dev/hda1 ...
; or even
# cp /dev/hda ...
; later mount LiveCD and do back
# cp ... /dev/hda1
; or
# cp ... /dev/hda

Are you saying I can backup the whole of my system (on /dev/hdb) with:
# cp /dev/hda ~/backup/today/
Quote:

you can pipe it any way you want - tar, scp, bzip...

Also, playing with tools like resize_reiserfs you can shrink or expand your partition.
You can also change the physical order of restored partitions - all you need is to fix /etc/fstab after restore. (and may be somewhere else if you use raw hard disk access somewhere - it's unusual case)
If you want to change something in the saved binary image, you can mount it as a loop device: mount -o loop file... mountpoint.... , while it is a single partition and not compressed or splitted.

Can you give examples of these?
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PostPosted: Mon Mar 05, 2007 1:19 pm    Post subject: Re: [Howto] Creation of a Stage 5 archive Reply with quote

steveL wrote:
alexdu wrote:
f someone needs to make/restore a *nix snapshot why do not use simple low level coping:
Code:
# cp /dev/hda1 ...
; or even
# cp /dev/hda ...
; later mount LiveCD and do back
# cp ... /dev/hda1
; or
# cp ... /dev/hda

Are you saying I can backup the whole of my system (on /dev/hdb) with:
# cp /dev/hda ~/backup/today/
Quote:

you can pipe it any way you want - tar, scp, bzip...

Also, playing with tools like resize_reiserfs you can shrink or expand your partition.
You can also change the physical order of restored partitions - all you need is to fix /etc/fstab after restore. (and may be somewhere else if you use raw hard disk access somewhere - it's unusual case)
If you want to change something in the saved binary image, you can mount it as a loop device: mount -o loop file... mountpoint.... , while it is a single partition and not compressed or splitted.

Can you give examples of these?


Yes, send an example with the tar or something else plz :)
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likewhoa
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Joined: 04 Oct 2006
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Location: Brooklyn, New York

PostPosted: Sun Mar 11, 2007 3:22 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

steveL wrote:
So does that work is simply cd / and run those cmds likewhoa? What about all the /dev stuff?

I just want a simple way to backup my existing gentoo before I transfer it to a new HDD. I'm guessing the Stage4 is the way to do it?


my method to backup/clone a system for transfering to another system of the same -march is simple..

Code:
tar cvjp --exclude=/dev --exclude=/proc --exclude=/sys --exclude=/stage4.tar.bz2 --file stage4.tar.bz2 /


then simply scp that tarball to your new system,.. untar it, then simply cd into the /mnt/gentoo/dev directory and run
Code:
MAKEDEV generic
this will create the necessary nodes. after mount proc & dev then finally chroot to it. that's it; you should know the rest. :)

there is really no need to tar/copy /dev,/sys,/proc and you should also delete files from /tmp,/usr/portage/distfiles,/var/tmp/portage, & /var/log/portage to keep the tarball small.
Hope this helps. This method is what i use to setup systems of the same -march and it works well.
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d2_racing
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PostPosted: Sun Mar 11, 2007 7:33 pm    Post subject: Reply with quote

likewhoa wrote:

there is really no need to tar/copy /dev,/sys,/proc and you should also delete files from /tmp,/usr/portage/distfiles,/var/tmp/portage, & /var/log/portage to keep the tarball small.
Hope this helps. This method is what i use to setup systems of the same -march and it works well.


I don't have any problem to exclude what you have said, but the /dev is necessary, because if you have a framebuffer it will crash because of the messing node in /dev.
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likewhoa
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PostPosted: Tue Mar 13, 2007 12:23 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

d2_racing wrote:
likewhoa wrote:

there is really no need to tar/copy /dev,/sys,/proc and you should also delete files from /tmp,/usr/portage/distfiles,/var/tmp/portage, & /var/log/portage to keep the tarball small.
Hope this helps. This method is what i use to setup systems of the same -march and it works well.


I don't have any problem to exclude what you have said, but the /dev is necessary, because if you have a framebuffer it will crash because of the messing node in /dev.


While it's ok to copy /sys & /proc you still don't have to and it's only optional as these folders will be regenerated on the new system. I stick to excluding them from my backups.
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nth10sd
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PostPosted: Tue Mar 13, 2007 11:58 am    Post subject: Reply with quote

pardon my ignorance, i've been away awhile but what is stage 5?

stage 1 = everything incl. bootstrap
stage 2 = no bootstrap
stage 3 = precompiled binaries
stage 4 = ?
stage 5 = ??

Is it something to do with liveCDs?
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